Vulcan Centaur

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This article is about the American Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle by ULA. Not to be confused with the Russian Vulkan-Hercules concept launch vehicle or the European Vulcain rocket engine. For other uses, see Vulcan.

Vulcan Centaur
Vulcan Centaur ahead of its first flight
FunctionLaunch vehicle, partial reuse planned
ManufacturerUnited Launch Alliance
Country of originUnited States
Cost per launchApprox. US$100–200 million[1][2]
Size
Height61.6 m (202 ft)[3]
Diameter5.4 m (18 ft)[4]
Mass546,700 kg (1,205,300 lb)
Stages2 with 0, 2, 4 or 6 boosters
Capacity
Payload to low Earth orbit (28.7°)
Mass27,200 kg (60,000 lb)[5]
Payload to geostationary transfer orbit (27.0°)
Mass15,300 kg (33,700 lb),[5]
Payload to geostationary orbit
Mass7,000 kg (15,000 lb)[5]
Payload to trans-lunar injection
Mass12,100 kg (26,700 lb)[5]
Launch history
StatusOperational
Launch sites
Total launches1
Success(es)1[7]
First flight8 January 2024 2:18 AM ET (7:18 UTC)[8]
Boosters
No. boosters0, 2, 4, or 6[9]
Powered byGEM-63XL[10]
Maximum thrust2,201.7 kN (495,000 lbf)
PropellantHTPB, Al / AP
First stage
Diameter5.4 m (18 ft)
Powered by2 × BE-4
Maximum thrust4,900 kN (1,100,000 lbf)
PropellantCH4 / LOX
Second stage – Centaur V
Diameter5.4 m (18 ft)
Powered by2 × RL-10[11]
Maximum thrust212 kN (48,000 lbf)[12]
Specific impulse453.8 s (4.450 km/s)[12]
PropellantLH2 / LOX
[edit on Wikidata]

Vulcan Centaur is a two-stage-to-orbit, heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by United Launch Alliance (ULA). It is principally designed to meet launch demands for the U.S. government's National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program for use by the United States Space Force and U.S. intelligence agencies for national security satellite launches. It will replace both of ULA's existing launchers (Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy) in this role, as these launchers are retiring. Vulcan Centaur will also be used for commercial launches, including an order for 38 launches from Kuiper Systems.

Development of the Vulcan rocket started in 2014, largely in response to growing competition from SpaceX and a desire to phase out the Russian RD-180 used on the Atlas V. Initially scheduled for a 2020 launch, the program was delayed many years due to problems with the development of the BE-4 engine and the new Centaur upper stage.[13] Vulcan Centaur launched for the first time on 8 January 2024, successfully carrying Astrobotic Technology's Peregrine lunar lander, the first mission on NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.[14]

Description[edit]

Vulcan is ULA's first new launch vehicle design since ULA was formed in 2006 by the merger of the launch vehicle businesses of Lockheed Martin and Boeing. It adapts and evolves technologies that were developed for the Atlas V and Delta IV rockets of the USAF's EELV program. The first-stage propellant tanks have the same diameter as the Delta IV Common Booster Core but contain liquid methane and liquid oxygen propellants rather than the Delta IV's liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.[15]

Vulcan's upper stage is the Centaur V, an upgraded variant of the Centaur III.[16][17] The Centaur III variant was used on the Atlas V through 2023. Previous plans called for the Centaur V to be eventually upgraded with Integrated Vehicle Fluids technology to become the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES), but this was subsequently cancelled.[18] At one time, ULA planned to pursue human-rating certification for Vulcan to allow the launch of crewed craft, such as the Boeing CST-100 Starliner or a future version of the Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser spaceplane.[3][18][19][needs update]

The Vulcan booster has a 5.4 m (18 ft) outer diameter to support two Blue Origin BE-4 engines' and liquid methane fuel.[20] In September 2018, after a competition with the Aerojet Rocketdyne AR1, the BE-4 was selected to power Vulcan's first stage.[21]

Up to six GEM-63XL solid rocket boosters (SRB)s can be attached to the first stage in pairs, providing additional thrust during the first part of the flight and allowing the six-SRB Vulcan Centaur to launch a higher mass payload than the most capable Atlas V 551.[9][22][23][24]

Versions and configurations[edit]

The Vulcan Centaur will have a four-character designation for each configuration, in which the first character represents the first stage of the vehicle; Vulcan is designated with the letter "V". The second character shows the upper stage; Centaur is designated "C". The third character represents the number of SRBs attached to the Vulcan; "0", "2", "4" or "6". The final character represents the payload-fairing length configuration, which is indicated by "S" (Standard; 15.5 m (51 ft)) or "L" (Long; 21.3 m (70 ft)).[25] For example, "VC6L" would represent a Vulcan first stage, a Centaur upper stage, six SRBs and a long-configuration fairing.[25] The most powerful Vulcan Centaur will have a Vulcan first stage, a Centaur upper stage with RL10CX engines with a nozzle extension and six SRBs.[26]

Capabilities[edit]

The payload capacity of Vulcan Centaur are as follows:[5]

Version SRBs Payload mass to...
LEO ISS Polar MEO GEO GTO TLI
Vulcan Centaur VC0 0 10,800 kg (23,800 lb) 9,200 kg (20,300 lb) 8,500 kg (18,700 lb) — — 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) 2,300 kg (5,100 lb)
Vulcan Centaur VC2 2 19,000 kg (42,000 lb) 16,300 kg (35,900 lb) 15,200 kg (33,500 lb) 3,900 kg (8,600 lb) 2,600 kg (5,700 lb) 8,400 kg (18,500 lb) 6,300 kg (13,900 lb)
Vulcan Centaur VC4 4 24,600 kg (54,200 lb) 21,600 kg (47,600 lb) 20,000 kg (44,000 lb) 6,200 kg (13,700 lb) 4,900 kg (10,800 lb) 11,700 kg (25,800 lb) 9,200 kg (20,300 lb)
Vulcan Centaur VC6 6 27,200 kg (60,000 lb) 25,800 kg (56,900 lb) 23,900 kg (52,700 lb) 8,100 kg (17,900 lb) 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) 14,500 kg (32,000 lb) 11,500 kg (25,400 lb)
Vulcan Upgrade 6 27,200 kg (60,000 lb) 26,900 kg (59,300 lb) 24,900 kg (54,900 lb) 8,600 kg (19,000 lb) 7,000 kg (15,000 lb) 15,300 kg (33,700 lb) 12,100 kg (26,700 lb)

Payload to low-Earth orbit (LEO) is for a 200 km (120 mi) circular orbit at a 28.7° inclination; payload to the International Space Station is for a 407 km (253 mi) circular orbit at 51.6° inclination; payload to polar LEO is for a 200 km (120 mi) circular orbit at 90° inclination. These capabilities are driven by the need to meet NSSL requirements, with room for future growth.[5][27]

A single-core Vulcan Centaur with six solid rocket boosters can put 27,200 kilograms into low-Earth orbit, nearly as much as the three-core Delta IV Heavy.[28]

History[edit]

Background[edit]

ULA had considered a number of launch vehicle concepts in the decade since the company was formed in 2006. Various concepts for derivative vehicles based on the Atlas[29] and Delta[30] lines of launch vehicles they inherited from their predecessor companies were proposed, though ultimately none were built.

In early 2014, geopolitical and US political considerations led to an effort by ULA to consider the possible replacement of the Russian-supplied RD-180 engine used on the first stage booster of the Atlas V. Events such as the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in February 2014 brought into focus that relying on foreign hardware to launch critical national security spacecraft could be undesirable. Formal study contracts were issued by ULA in June 2014 to a number of US rocket engine suppliers.[31] ULA was also facing competition from SpaceX—then seen to affect its core national security market of US military launches—and by July 2014, the US Congress was debating whether to legislatively ban future use of the RD-180 engine.[32][33]

In September 2014, ULA announced that it had entered into a partnership with Blue Origin to develop the BE-4 liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid methane (CH4) engine to replace the RD-180 on a new first stage booster. The engine was already in its third year of development by Blue Origin, and ULA said it expected the new stage and engine to start flying as soon as 2019.[34] Two of the 2,400-kilonewton (550,000 lbf)-thrust BE-4 engines were to be used on a new launch vehicle booster.[31][35][34]

In October 2014, ULA restructured company processes and workforce with the goal of reducing costs. The company stated that the successor to Atlas V would blend existing Atlas V and Delta IV with a goal of halving the cost of the Atlas V rocket.[36] One of the reasons given for the restructuring and new cost reduction goals was new competition in the launch market from SpaceX.[36][32]

Announcement[edit]

At the time of the 2015 announcement, ULA proposed an incremental approach to rolling out the new launch vehicle and its technologies.[15] Vulcan deployment was expected to begin with a new first stage that was based on the Delta IV's fuselage diameter and production process, and initially expected to use two BE-4 engines or the AR1 as an alternative. The second stage was to be the existing Centaur III, already used on Atlas V. A later upgrade, the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES), was conceptually planned to be introduced a few years after Vulcan's first flight.[15] ULA also announced a design concept for reuse of the Vulcan booster engines, thrust structure and first stage avionics, which could be detached as a module from the propellant tanks after booster engine cutoff; the module would re-enter the atmosphere behind an inflatable heat shield.[37] At the time, neither the ACES second stage nor first-stage reuse were immediately funded.[38]

Funding[edit]

Through the first several years, the ULA board of directors made quarterly funding commitments to Vulcan Centaur development.[39] As of October 2018, the U.S. government had committed approximately US$1.2 billion in a public–private partnership to Vulcan Centaur development, future funding pending a National Security Space Launch contract with ULA.[40]

By March 2016, the United States Air Force (USAF) had committed up to US$202 million of funding for Vulcan development. ULA had not yet estimated the total cost of development but CEO Tory Bruno noted "new rockets typically cost US$2 billion, including US$1 billion for the main engine".[39]

In March 2018, Tory Bruno said the Vulcan-Centaur had been "75% privately funded" up to that point.[quantify][41] In October 2018, following a request for proposals and technical evaluation, ULA was awarded US$967 million to develop a prototype Vulcan launch system as part of the National Security Space Launch program. Other providers Blue Origin and Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems were awarded US$500 million and US$792 million in development funding,[40] with detailed proposals and a competitive selection process to follow in 2019. The USAF's goal with the next generation of Launch Service Agreements was to desist from "buying rockets" and move to acquire services from launch service providers but U.S. government funding of launch vehicle development continued.[40]

Development and production[edit]

In September 2015, it was announced BE-4 rocket engine production would be expanded to increase production capacity for testing.[42] The following January, ULA was designing two versions of the Vulcan first stage; the BE-4 version has a 5.4 m (18 ft) diameter to support the use of less-dense methane fuel.[20] In late 2017, the upper stage was changed to the larger and heavier Centaur V, and the launch vehicle was renamed Vulcan Centaur.[41] The single-core Vulcan Centaur will be capable of lifting "30% more" than a Delta IV Heavy,[43] meeting the NSSL requirements.[27]

In May 2018, ULA announced the selection of Aerojet Rocketdyne's RL10 engine for the Vulcan Centaur upper stage.[44] That September 2018, ULA announced the selection of the Blue Origin BE-4 engine for Vulcan's booster.[45][46] That October 2018, the USAF released an NSSL launch service agreement with new requirements, delaying Vulcan's initial launch to April 2021, after an earlier postponement to 2020.[47][48][49]

On 8 July 2019, CEO Tory Bruno released images of two Vulcan qualification test articles — the liquefied natural gas tank and thrust structure — on Twitter. The following day, Peter Guggenbach, the CEO of RUAG Space, released an image of a Vulcan payload attachment fitting. On 31 July the same year, two images of the mated LNG tank and thrust structure were similarly released.[50][51][52][53][54] On 2 August 2019, Blue Origin released on Twitter an image of a BE-4 engine at full power on a test stand.[55] On 6 August 2019, the first two parts of Vulcan's mobile launcher platform (MLP) were transported[56] to the Spaceflight Processing Operations Center (SPOC) near SLC-40 and SLC-41, Cape Canaveral, Florida. The MLP was fabricated in eight sections and will move at 3 mph (4.8 km/h) on existing rail dollies and stand 183 ft (56 m) tall.[57] On 12 August 2019, ULA submitted Vulcan Centaur for phase 2 of the USAF's launch services competition. [58]As of February 2020, the tankage for the second operational rocket was under construction in the ULA factory in Decatur, Alabama.[59]

In October 2019, the first launch of Vulcan was planned for July 2021, carrying Astrobotic Technology's Peregrine lunar lander. In June 2020, ULA said it could be earlier and announced a target launch date of early 2021.[60][35] On 7 August 2020, the United States Space Force awarded ULA 60% of all National Security Space Launch payloads from 2022 to 2027.[61] That December 2020, ULA said BE-4 engine delivery was expected in mid-2021, and that the Vulcan's first launch would not happen before the end of 2021.[62] In June 2021, Astrobotic reported that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, they needed more time to prepare Peregrine, delaying the first flight of Vulcan to 2022[63][64] and later to 2023.[65] The Government Accountability Office (GAO) also stated that the first-stage engine was experiencing technical difficulties, and may not be qualified in time to support a Vulcan launch in 2021.[66]

Testing before first flight[edit]

In February 2021, ULA shipped the first completed Vulcan core booster to Florida for pathfinder tests ahead of the Vulcan's debut launch.[67] The Pathfinder Tanking Test core booster was transferred to SLC-41 for first stage cryogenic tanking tests in April 2021.[68] It was loaded with just LOX in August 2021, and with just CH4 in September 2021, and was rolled out to SLC-41 on 4 Oct for a combined LOX & CH4 tanking and pressurisation test on 5 Oct.[69]

A Centaur V test article failed on a test stand while being tested on 29 March 2023. On 24 June 2023, ULA announced that it has concluded its investigation of the incident and a minor design change was needed. They would therefore "destack" the Centaur V flight vehicle at SLC-41 and send to back to Decatur Alabama for modification, delaying the launch indefinitely.[70]

On 7 June 2023 at 1:05 a.m. UTC (9:05 p.m. EST), the Vulcan booster performed a successful Flight Readiness Firing (FRF) firing of its two BE-4 engines at Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41.[71] The engines fired at the engine capacity target for two seconds during the six second engine test.[72] The static fire was initially expected to take place on 25 May 2023, but it was postponed due to delayed response in the engine's ignition systems. The vehicle was then rolled back to the Vehicle Integration Facility to fix the problems.

First planned to launch the initial Vulcan flight in 2019, Vulcan Centaur's launch slipped to January 2024,[73] where it finally launched on 8 January 2024.[74]

Certification flights[edit]

Launch of the Peregrine lunar lander on Vulcan Centaur's first flight

Kuiper Systems had announced that the Kuipersat-1 and Kuipersat-2 demo satellites would be flown on this mission,[75][76] but shifted to an earlier launch on Atlas V due to the delay.[77]

On 19 August 2019, it was announced Astrobotic Technology selected ULA to launch their Peregrine lander on the first Vulcan certification flight, named Certification-1.[78][79] After numerous delays, Vulcan lifted off for the first time on 8 January 2024, successfully delivering the Peregrine lander on a trajectory to the Moon. It used the VC2S configuration, with two solid rocket boosters and a standard-length fairing. After payload separation following a 4 minute long trans-lunar injection burn, the Centaur upper stage was sent to a heliocentric orbit after it fired for a third time 1 hour and 18 minutes into the flight to test how it would behave in extended duration missions, such as those required to send payloads directly to geostationary orbit.[14][80]

On 14 August 2019, ULA won a commercial competition when it was announced the second Vulcan certification flight would be SNC Demo-1, the first of seven Dream Chaser CRS-2 flights under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services program. They will use the four-SRB Vulcan configuration.[81][82] The SNC Demo-1 is scheduled for launch no earlier than April 2024. Following the second certification mission, the Vulcan rocket will be qualified for use on United States military missions.[83]

The Space Force's USSF-51 launch in late 2022 had been intended to be the first national security classified mission, but in May 2021 the spacecraft was reassigned to an Atlas V to "mitigate schedule risk associated with Vulcan Centaur non-recurring design validation".[84] This same problem was forced two prototype Kuiper Systems satellites to launch on Atlas V.

Potential upgrades[edit]

Since the formal announcement in 2015, ULA has spoken of several technologies that would extend the Vulcan launch vehicle's capabilities. These include enhancements to the first stage to make the most expensive components potentially reusable and enhancements to the second stage to increase its long-term mission duration to operate for months in Earth orbit cislunar space.[38]

Long-endurance upper stages[edit]

Main article: Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage

The ACES upper stage—fueled with liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) and powered by up to four rocket engines with the engine type yet to be selected—was a conceptual upgrade to Vulcan's upper stage at the time of the announcement in 2015. This stage could subsequently be upgraded to include the Integrated Vehicle Fluids technology that would allow the upper stage a much longer in-orbit life of weeks rather than hours. The ACES upper stage was eventually cancelled[15][85] when in September 2020, ULA made public that the ACES development would not be continued and the Vulcan second stage would now be the Centaur V upper stage.[18][38] The Centaur V is based on the upper stage used by the Atlas V but larger and more powerful. A senior executive at ULA said the Centaur V design was also heavily influenced by ACES.[86][28]

However, ULA said in 2021 that it is working to add more value to upper stages by having them perform tasks such as operating as space tugs. CEO Tory Bruno says ULA is working on upper stages with hundreds of times the endurance of those currently in use.[86]

SMART reuse[edit]

A concept for main engine reuse called Sensible Modular Autonomous Return Technology (SMART) was also shown during the initial April 2015 unveiling of Vulcan. In the concept, the booster engines, avionics, and thrust structure would be detached as a module from the propellant tanks after booster engine cutoff. The engine module would descend through the atmosphere protected by an inflatable heat shield. After parachute deployment, a helicopter would capture the module in mid-air. ULA estimated this technology could reduce the cost of the first stage propulsion by 90%, and 65% of the total first-stage cost.[37] By 2020 however, ULA had not announced firm plans to fund, build and test this engine-reuse concept, although in late 2019 they stated they were "still planning to eventually reuse Vulcan's first-stage engines".[38]

In April 2021 CEO Tory Bruno said that the additional launches purchased by Amazon for the Kuiper satellite constellation would require a higher launch cadence and that this provided support for the business case to go forward with the SMART concept.[87]

In July 2022, ULA pivoted and changed one of the high-level design objectives of the engine reuse recovery concept. Rather than recover the descending booster engines with a helicopter, ULA said they want to attempt recovery of the engines following atmospheric reentry, descent, and splashdown floating in the ocean on the inflatable aeroshell.[88][needs update]

Vulcan Centaur launches[edit]

Further information: List of Vulcan launches (2020–29)
Flight No. Date / time (UTC) Configuration Launch site Payload Type of payload Orbit Customer Outcome Note
1 8 January 2024
07:18 		VC2S CCSFS, SLC-41 Peregrine lander CLPS Moon lander. Lunar orbit Astrobotic Technology Success[80] Maiden flight of Vulcan

Successful launch and operation of Vulcan, with a failure of the Peregrine lander due to a fuel leak.[89]

Certification-1[78] had its launch delayed from late 2021.[90] Also included a payload from Celestis.[91]

For planned launches, see List of Vulcan launches (2020–29).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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