2024 Noto earthquake

Coordinates: 37°29′53″N 137°14′31″E / 37.498°N 137.242°E / 37.498; 137.242
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2024 Noto earthquake
令和6年能登半島地震 (2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake)
Wajima after the earthquake and subsequent fires
Map
Map of earthquakes - USGS data (map data)
JMA data (map data)
UTC time2024-01-01 07:10:09
ISC event636373819
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date1 January 2024 (2024-01-01)
Local time16:10:09 JST (UTC+9)
Durationc. 50 seconds
Magnitude7.6 MJMA
7.5 Mw
Depth10 km (6 mi) (USGS)
16 km (10 mi) (JMA)
Epicenter37°29′53″N 137°14′31″E / 37.498°N 137.242°E / 37.498; 137.242
TypeReverse
Areas affectedChūbu region, Japan
Total damageUS$6.4 billion (estimated)[1]
Max. intensity
Peak acceleration2.88 g (2,826 gal)
Tsunami4.5 m (15 ft)
LandslidesYes
Foreshocks5.7 MJMA 
Aftershocks7,630 total;[2] 169 of M ≥ 4;
Largest: 6.1 MJMA  or 6.2 mb 
Casualties202 dead, 665 injured, 102 missing

On 1 January 2024, at 16:10 JST (07:10 UTC), a MJMA7.6 (Mw7.5) earthquake struck 7 km (4.3 mi) north-northwest of Suzu, located on the Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.[3] The reverse-faulting shock achieved a maximum JMA seismic intensity of Shindo 7 and Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The shaking and accompanying tsunami caused extensive damage on the Noto Peninsula, particularly in the towns of Wajima, Suzu and Anamizu. All 202 fatalities and 102 missing individuals were reported in Ishikawa while over 600 were injured across multiple prefectures, making it the deadliest earthquake in Japan since the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes.[4]

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) officially named this earthquake the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake (Japanese: 令和6年能登半島地震, Hepburn: Reiwa 6-nen Noto-hantō Jishin).[5] It led to Japan's first major tsunami warning since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake,[6] and a tsunami of 4.5 m (15 ft) was measured along the Sea of Japan coast.[7]

Tectonic setting[edit]

Main article: Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan

The Noto Peninsula lies on the southeastern margin of the Sea of Japan, which was formed by back-arc rifting related to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate along the Japan Trench. This process began during the Early Miocene, ending in the Middle Miocene. By the late Pliocene the tectonic regime changed to compression, probably associated with collision between the Izu–Bonin Arc and Honshu.[8] This led to reactivation of the rift faults in reverse sense, combined with inversion of the basins formed by these faults.[9] Currently Japan is situated on the convergent boundaries between the Pacific, Philippine Sea, Okhotsk and Amurian Plates. Along the island arc's east and southeast coasts, subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates occurs at the Japan Trench and Nankai Trough, respectively. The west coast of Honshu, bordering the Sea of Japan, is a north–south trending convergent boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk Plates. It has been proposed that it is an incipient subduction zone, consisting of eastward-dipping thrust faults.[10]

The rifting and subsequent inversion has created a series of faults along the coast that have the potential to move and cause earthquakes, in the range of Mw 6.8–7.9, in many cases with tsunamis.[11] Major earthquakes and tsunamis along this boundary occurred in 1741, 1833, 1940, 1964, 1983 and 1993, although the origin of the 1741 tsunami remains open to debate.[12] A fault known as the F43 (in the list of 60 faults evaluated) reaches the seabed just north of the Noto peninsula trending WSW–ENE. This southeast-dipping fault, which consists of two segments with a combined length of 94.2 km (58.5 mi), has been judged to be capable of producing an earthquake of Mw 7.6.[11]

The northeastern tip of the Noto Peninsula has been subject to an earthquake swarm for the last three years, with the largest earthquake being a Mw 6.3 event that took place in May 2023.[13] The earthquake was the strongest to hit the peninsula since records began in 1885.[14]

Earthquake[edit]

USGS ShakeMap

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported a moment magnitude of 7.5 and a focal depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) for the earthquake. The Japan Meteorological Agency recorded a magnitude of MJMA  7.6.[15][16] It was the largest earthquake to strike Ishikawa since at least 1885,[17] and the largest to strike Mainland Japan since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.[18]

The focal mechanism of the mainshock corresponded to shallow reverse faulting along a northeast-trending plane dipping northwest or southeast,[3] happening along the convergent boundary between the Okhotsk Plate and Amurian Plate. A magnitude 5.5 foreshock struck four minutes before the mainshock,[19][20] while a magnitude 6.2 aftershock struck nine minutes later.[21] More than 1,200 aftershocks were recorded across a 100 km (62 mi) zone.[22] At least seven of them registered a magnitude of 5.0 and above.[7]

USGS generated Finite Fault Surface Projection

According to a finite fault model released by the USGS, the earthquake rupture extended approximately 160 km (99 mi) from southeast of the Noto Peninsula to Sado Island along a southeast-dipping fault. Slip was mostly concentrated entirely beneath the peninsula. The zones of the largest slip occurred southwest of the hypocenter while little to no slip occurred in the sea between the peninsula and island. The patch immediately southwest of the epicenter produced the displacement of 5.992 m (20 ft) beneath the peninsula's coast. Another zone of slip occurred further southwest beneath the same stretch of coastline, producing up to 6.030 m (20 ft) of slip beneath Motoichi. The fault likely ruptured towards the seafloor at the peninsula while little to no slip was observed on the seafloor between the peninsula and Sado Island. The entire rupture process took about 50 seconds with the greatest phase of seismic moment release occurring some 25 seconds after initiation.[23]

Ground effects[edit]

The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan said parts of the country moved up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) westwards with the maximum displacement observed at Wajima due to crustal deformation. At Anamizu, land shifted 1 m (3 ft 3 in) westwards. However, the agency said these movements could be slope or local ground movement instead.[24] The agency also added that crustal uplift of 4 m (13 ft) occurred in western Wajima and 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in northern Suzu.[25] Near Wajima's port, the shoreline of a sandy beach was moved 250 m (820 ft) seawards due to the coastal uplift.[26] The coastline in the Kawaura district of Suzu was also found to have moved 175 m (574 ft) seawards due to the coastal uplift, while the land area expanded by a total of 2.4 square kilometers. A port in the Ozawa district of Wajima was entirely drained.[27]

Intensity[edit]

The Japan Meteorological Agency said it recorded a maximum seismic intensity of 7 (Shindo 7), the highest level on its seismic intensity scale,[28] the first time that an earthquake of that intensity had been observed in the country since 2018.[29][30] The maximum intensity was reported in Shika, Ishikawa Prefecture. Intensity 6+ was recorded in Nanao, Wajima, Suzu and Anamizu. Intensity 6– was recorded in Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture and in Ishikawa's Nakanoto and Noto.[30] The earthquake was also felt by residents in Tokyo and across the Kanto Region[7] and as far as Aomori Prefecture in the northern tip of Honshu to Kyushu in the south of the country.[29] A peak ground acceleration of 2,826 gal was observed in Shika, which was close to that recorded during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake which measured 2,934 gal.[31]

Locations with a seismic intensity of Shindo 5- and higher[32]
Intensity Prefecture Location
7 Ishikawa Shika
6+ Ishikawa Nanao, Wajima, Suzu, Anamizu
6- Ishikawa Nakanoto, Noto
Niigata Nagaoka
5+ Ishikawa Hakui, Hōdatsushimizu, Kanazawa, Komatsu, Kaga, Kahoku, Nomi
Niigata Sanjō, Kashiwazaki, Mitsuke, Minamiuonuma, Kariwa, Itoigawa, Myōkō, Jōetsu, Chūō-ku, Minami-ku, Nishi-ku, Nishikan-ku, Tsubame, Aga, Sado
Toyama Toyama, Funahashi, Takaoka, Himi, Oyabe, Nanto, Imizu
Fukui Awara
5- Ishikawa Hakusan, Tsubata, Uchinada
Niigata Ojiya, Kamo, Tōkamachi, Izumozaki, Kita-ku, Higashi-ku, Kōnan-ku, Akiha-ku, Gosen, Agano
Toyama Namerikawa, Kurobe, Kamiichi, Tateyama, Asahi, Tonami
Fukui Fukui, Sakai
Nagano Nagano, Shinano, Sakae
Gifu Takayama, Hida

Long period ground motion[edit]

The JMA also reported that the Noto Region of Ishikawa Prefecture registered the highest possible Long Period Ground Motion (LPGM) intensity of 4.[16]

Locations with LPGM Class of II or higher observed
Class Prefecture Location
IV Ishikawa Noto Region
III Ishikawa Kaga Region
Toyama Eastern and Western Toyama
Niigata Jōetsu, Chūetsu, Kaetsu Regions
Nagano Central Nagano
II Akita Northern Akita Coast
Yamagata Shonai Region, Murayama Region, Okitama Region
Ibaraki Southern Ibaraki
Saitama Northern Saitama
Chiba Northwestern and Northeastern Chiba
Tokyo 23 Wards
Kanagawa Eastern Kanagawa
Niigata Sado Island
Fukui Reihoku (Northern Fukui)
Nagano Northern Nagano
Aichi Western Aichi
Mie Northern Mie
Osaka Southern Osaka
Hyogo Southeastern Hyogo
Wakayama Northern Wakayama

Aftershocks[edit]

List of aftershocks with a seismic intensity of Shindo 5- and higher
Time (JST) Epicenter Magnitude (USGS) Intensity (Shindo) Depth Notes
1 January 2024
16:18:42 		37°11′46″N 136°52′12″E / 37.196°N 136.870°E / 37.196; 136.870 mb 6.1 5+ 10 km (6 mi) [21][33]
1 January 2024
16:56:48 		37°17′49″N 136°56′46″E / 37.297°N 136.946°E / 37.297; 136.946 Mww 5.6 5+ 10 km (6 mi) (USGS)
20 km (12 mi) (JMA) 		[34][35]
1 January 2024
17:22:11 		37°24′43″N 137°15′58″E / 37.412°N 137.266°E / 37.412; 137.266 mb 4.9 5- 10 km (6 mi) [36][37]
1 January 2024
18:03:49 		37°33′29″N 137°23′02″E / 37.558°N 137.384°E / 37.558; 137.384 mb 5.5 5- 10 km (6 mi) (USGS)
20 km (12 mi) (JMA) 		[38][39]
1 January 2024
18:08:17 		37°31′30″N 137°24′29″E / 37.525°N 137.408°E / 37.525; 137.408 mb 5.6 5- 10 km (6 mi) [40][41]
1 January 2024
18:40:00 		37°09′07″N 136°40′48″E / 37.152°N 136.680°E / 37.152; 136.680 mb 5.0 5- 10 km (6 mi) [42][43]
1 January 2024
20:35:32 		37°10′44″N 136°39′40″E / 37.179°N 136.661°E / 37.179; 136.661 mb 4.6 5- 10 km (6 mi) [44][45]
2 January 2024
10:17:31 		37°15′07″N 136°45′43″E / 37.252°N 136.762°E / 37.252; 136.762 Mww 5.4 5- 6 km (4 mi) (USGS)
10 km (6 mi) (JMA) 		[46][47]
2 January 2024
17:13:41 		37°08′02″N 136°42′50″E / 37.134°N 136.714°E / 37.134; 136.714 mb 4.9 5+ 10.9 km (7 mi) [48][49]
3 January 2024
02:21:47 		37°26′17″N 137°19′26″E / 37.438°N 137.324°E / 37.438; 137.324 Mww 4.8 5+ 10 km (6 mi) [50][51]
3 January 2024
10:54:34 		37°20′24″N 136°55′16″E / 37.340°N 136.921°E / 37.340; 136.921 Mww 5.3 5+ 10 km (6 mi) [52][53]
6 January 2024
05:26:51 		37°13′12″N 136°54′54″E / 37.220°N 136.915°E / 37.220; 136.915 Mww 5.2 5+ 10 km (6 mi) [54][55]
6 January 2024
23:20:23 		37°12′11″N 136°42′22″E / 37.203°N 136.706°E / 37.203; 136.706 mb 4.5 6- 10 km (6 mi) [56][57]

According to the JMA, this aftershock only lasted a few seconds and the measured intensities around the Shindo 6- point were much lower than what would be expected of an earthquake of that intensity. An investigation is ongoing.[58]

Number of aftershocks by magnitude[2]
Magnitude Occurrences
M ≥ 6 1
6 > M ≥ 5 13
5 > M ≥ 4 155
4 > M ≥ 3 778
3 > M ≥ 2 2,307
2 > M ≥ 1 1,657
1 > M ≥ 0 567
0 > M ≥ -1 88
Number of aftershocks by date[2]
Date
(JST)		 Noto region Off the coast of
the Noto Peninsula		 Near Sado Off the western coast of
Ishikawa Prefecture		 Total Cumulative
1 January 404 176 67 3 650 650
2 January 1,091 584 250 22 1,947 2,597
3 January 862 429 234 35 1,560 4,157
4 January 699 325 159 16 1,199 5,356
5 January 496 234 108 16 854 6,210
6 January 444 185 114 20 763 6,973
7 January 410 153 82 12 657 7,630

Tsunami[edit]

Japan[edit]

Map of Tsunami Warnings issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency at 1 January 2024 16:22 JST

Large parts of Japan's western coast, from Hokkaido to Nagasaki Prefectures were immediately placed under a tsunami warning after the earthquake struck, with evacuation orders issued in Ishikawa, Niigata, Toyama, and Yamagata prefectures. The earthquake triggered a major tsunami warning, the first one since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Public broadcaster NHK said tsunami waves of 5 m (16 ft) could be expected.[7] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said dangerous tsunami waves were possible within 300 km (190 mi) of the epicenter.[59]

The evacuation orders covered 62,000 people,[60] with 1,000 evacuees finding shelter at the Japan Air Self-Defense Force base in Wajima in Ishikawa Prefecture.[61] The major tsunami warning was later downgraded to a tsunami warning at 20:30, about four hours after the earthquake.[62] These tsunami warnings were later downgraded to advisories,[63] which were eventually lifted at 10:01 on 2 January, about 18 hours after the earthquake.[64]

The first waves were reported to have arrived at around 16:21,[7] although a team of researchers from Tohoku University's International Research Institute of Disaster Science said the first waves reached the peninsula within a minute of the earthquake. In Suzu, the first waves were estimated to arrive one minute after the shock and two minutes later at Nanao. They also estimated Toyama was struck by the waves in about five minutes.[65] The quicker-than-anticipated tsunami arrival meant people did not evacuate in time. Fumihiko Imamura, a member of the research team, said it may have been due to the close proximity of the fault to the coast or a possible submarine landslide in Toyama Bay. Tsunamis in the Sea of Japan have been observed to arrive faster than those along Japan's Pacific coast.[66] Tsunami modelling executed by the University of Tokyo and Building Research Institute of Japan computed the tsunami to be 3.6 m (12 ft) in Suzu; 3 m (9.8 ft) in Noto; 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in Shika and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in Jōetsu, Niigata.[67]

A run-up of about 4.2 m (14 ft) was estimated at Shika based on the survey of warehouses and port facilities.[68] Aerial photographs of Suzu suggested a wave height of 3 m (9.8 ft) above sea level;[69] subsequent analysis indicated a wave of 4.5 m (15 ft) at Nanba, Misakimachi.[70] Tsunami waves exceeding 1.2 m (4 ft) struck Wajima,[71] however data from the tide gauge was incomplete as it was one of several tide gauges across the peninsula that stopped receiving information shortly after.[72] A tide gauge at the Shika Nuclear Power Plant recorded a rise of 3 m (9.8 ft) in tide level at between 17:45 and 18:00.[73]

A tsunami measuring 90 cm (35 in) struck Kanazawa,[74] while a tsunami of 80 cm (31 in) struck Toyama Prefecture and Sakata, Yamagata Prefecture.[75] Waves measuring 50 cm (20 in) were recorded in Nanao and Tsuruga[74] while waves measuring 40 cm (16 in) were recorded at Kashiwazaki,[76] Tobishima, and Sado Island.[75] In Toyama city, a 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) wave was reported.[71] The tsunami was recorded in Tottori Prefecture with heights of 0.6 m (2 ft 0 in) in Sakaiminato and 0.2 m (7.9 in) in Iwami; in Toyooka, Hyogo Prefecture, it reached 0.4 m (1 ft 4 in).[77] A 0.4 m (1 ft 4 in) tsunami was recorded at the port area of Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture.[78] In Hokkaido, waves of up to 60 cm (24 in) were reported in Setana, while 50 cm (20 in) waves struck Okushiri Island.[75]

Video footage in Jōetsu, Niigata showed the tsunami approaching the Seki River mouth at 16:35, crashing into embankments and causing seawater to overflow.[79] Evidence appeared to show that the tsunami reached at least 5.5 km (3.4 mi) upstream from the river mouth.[80]

Damage[edit]

In Suzu, the tsunami was said to have arrived a minute following the earthquake.[81] Homes were washed off their foundations and some were driven further inland.[82] At least one person was swept away and declared missing.[83] The earthquake and tsunami damaged or destroyed 90 percent of the town's buildings.[84] The tsunami capsized many fishing vessels and carried some onto land. Building collapses and overturned cars were observed from a news helicopter flyover of the city.[85] A resident recalled tsunami waves washing over a road, picking up cars and debris; he also estimated the waves were 3 m (9.8 ft) above tide level.[86] Ishikawa Prefecture's governor, Hiroshi Hase, said the tsunami flooded the Iida Port area by up to 100 m (330 ft) inland.[87]

In Shika, a series of tsunami waves reached the port at 17:40.[88] The tsunami which had a 4.2 m (14 ft) run-up damaged the city's fishing port and its facilities.[68] Tsunami observations in the peninsula was made difficult by the coastal uplift raising parts of the coast by up to 4.1 m (13 ft) and extending the coastline further seawards.[89]

In the Shiromaru area of Noto, Ishikawa, homes were washed away and a fire was started.[90] In Jōetsu, Niigata, the tsunami damaged buildings.[91] Beach houses and other buildings were swept away by the waves.[92] Ten fishing vessels capsized in the Ogata Fishing Port area. Containers were also washed away and warehouses storing machinery were flooded.[93] The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism assessed that the tsunami inundated at least 100 ha (250 acres) of land in Suzu and Noto.[94] At least 34 maritime vessels were reported to have suffered damage from the tsunami.[95]

Elsewhere along the Sea of Japan[edit]

The Korea Meteorological Administration warned that the coastlines of Gangwon Province and Pohang in South Korea could experience a rise in sea levels.[96][76] Waves of 0.3 m (1 ft) were anticipated along the nation's east coast from 18:29 to 19:17 local time.[97] A 0.45 m (1 ft 6 in) tsunami was later reported to have occurred in Gangwon.[75][98] A 0.85 m (3 ft) high wave reportedly struck Mukho at around 20:00 local time.[99] Tsunamis with heights of 0.66 m (2 ft 2 in) were recorded in Uljin; 0.45 m (1 ft 6 in) in Sokcho and 0.39 m (1 ft 3 in) in Gangneung.[100] It is thought to be the first tsunami of over 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) observed in the country since 1993.[101] According to Yonhap News Agency, citing North Korean state radio, a tsunami warning was issued with waves of 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) potentially hitting the country's east coast.[98][102]

Warnings for tsunami waves estimated to reach 1 m (3 ft) were also issued in Russia, particularly along the west coast of Sakhalin Island,[103] where evacuations were said to be conducted,[104] although Russia later said that no evacuations were taking place there.[105] Tsunami warnings were also declared in parts of Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai,[106] Vladivostok and Nakhodka.[107] The Emergencies Ministry of Russia said "response teams are ready to deal with the possible consequences of a tsunami."[108] Officials in Vladivostok later said "no tsunami was observed" while in Nakhodka, "the tsunami passed almost unnoticed."[109] A 0.63 m (2 ft 1 in) wave was observed at Preobrazhenie in Primorsky Krai;[110] at Kholmsk, it measured 0.18 m (7.1 in).[111]

Damage and effects[edit]

Satelite image of Wajima taken after the earthquake, showing the area destroyed by the subsequent fires

The earthquake struck as Japan was marking New Year's Day, a public holiday when many were at home and most establishments were closed.[112] All 202 fatalities occurred in Ishikawa Prefecture; 91 in Wajima, 81 in Suzu, 20 in Anamizu, 5 in Nanao, 2 each in Noto and Shika and 1 in Hakui.[113] One death was attributed to living conditions at an evacuation camp.[114] At least 565 people were also injured in the prefecture.[115] As of 9 January, 102 people remained missing.[113] Some of the missing may have also been swept into the sea by the tsunami.[116]

By 3 January, about 31,800 people were living in shelters following the earthquake,[117] with about 27,700 sheltering in 336 evacuation centers in Ishikawa prefecture alone.[118]

Damage was especially severe in Wajima, Suzu and Noto although their extent was unclear.[119] At least 780 people across 30 districts in remote vilages were isolated due to damaged roads and landslides and required helicopters to be reached.[120] Many of the collapsed houses in Wajima were traditional wooden structures that were built prior to current building regulations that were imposed in 1981. Information from 2018 also revealed that more than half of buildings in Wajima did not follow these regulations.[121] In Suzu, many buildings were built before the enactment of modern building codes in 1950, while in 2019, only 51% of the town's houses were deemed earthquake-resistant, compared with 87% for the entire country.[122]

At least 250 buildings across Ishikawa were partly or totally destroyed including four in Kanazawa; 102 in Nanao; 15 in Hakui and Shika each; 16 in Nakanoto and 29 in Anamizu.[123] Many homes in Wajima, Suzu, and Noto were destroyed but the number remains unspecified.[124] In Wajima, at least 60 houses collapsed,[125][126] and ninety percent of the fatalities there were attributed to falling debris from collapsed houses.[127] A fire occurred in the city around 17:00. Due to damaged roads, firefighters were unable to extinguish the flames.[128] The fire consumed an estimated 200 buildings, including many homes,[129][130] and the Asaichi morning market; a 1,000-year old shopping district and tourist attraction that hosted about 200 stalls.[131] An area of up to 48,000 square metres was affected by the fire, which experts said was exacerbated by the loss of water supply and the tsunami warning, which prevented firefighters from responding immediately to the blaze.[132] More than 30 people were injured in the city. In Suzu, up to 5,000 houses[133] and 90 percent of the buildings were destroyed,[134][135] including many due to fires.[136] The mayor of Suzu said about 4,000 to 5,000 households of the city's 6,000 were no longer habitable, adding that damage was "catastrophic".[137]

Rescue dog and relief worker searching a collapsed house

The Ishikawa Nanao Police Station said collapsed homes trapped people before they were rescued.[138] A spokesperson at Wajima Municipal Hospital said people had broken bones or were injured by falling objects.[139] Seventeen buildings collapsed, 24 were partly destroyed and 19 were partially damaged in Shika.[119] In Anamizu, nine buildings collapsed[140] and landslides killed five people.[127] Across the mountainous region of the peninsula, landslides were widespread.[82] The number of landslides was estimated at 1,000.[141]

Twenty homes in Shiromaru, Noto, were destroyed by fire, while many others collapsed.[119] A tsunami also washed debris onto streets.[142] Operations of the Noto Airport were suspended after five cracks as long as 10 m (33 ft) appeared on the runway; the terminal of the airport also sustained damage.[143] Access roads leading to the airport were blocked, while about 500 passengers were left stranded inside the facility,[60] which was expected to be closed until 4 January. Access to the northern part of the Noto Peninsula was limited by a damaged road.[118] Noto Island was isolated after the bridge linking it to Nanao in Honshu was closed.[112]

In Niigata Prefecture, 47 people were injured, 11 buildings collapsed or were badly affected and 4,692 others were partially damaged, mostly in Niigata City;[144][145] 44 areas of Nishi Ward had liquefaction reported and 100 buildings were damaged.[124] One cardiac arrest case was reported in an elderly person in the prefecture, likely linked to the earthquake.[146] At least 41 people in Toyama Prefecture were injured, three of them seriously.[147] Eight of the injuries occurred after the ceiling of a pachinko parlor collapsed in Toyama City.[148] Twenty-two houses collapsed, 20 others were severely damaged and 296 others were partially damaged, mostly in the cities of Himi and Toyama.[147] In Fukui Prefecture, six people sustained minor injuries,[140] and 45 houses sustained minor damage in Awara.[149] Two injuries were also reported each in Osaka[150] and Hyōgo Prefectures,[151] while one person each was injured in Gifu and Nagano prefectures;[124] in Nagano, four houses were partially damaged.[152]

Cracked roads and broken water mains were reported in the cities of Himi and Oyabe, Toyama Prefecture.[153] Liquefaction occurred in Niigata city; sewer pipes also ruptured and many homes were left without water.[154] Thirty homes, mostly in Nishi-ku, were damaged.[155] The Onohiyoshi Shrine in Kanazawa also sustained damage. A landslide struck the main expressway between Toyama and Kanazawa, ripping apart several hundred meters of roadway.[156] Four houses along a hill fell over as the land under them collapsed in the eastern part of Kanazawa.[157] Sections of Japan National Route 8 was buried by landslides in Jōetsu, while track foundations caved in at the JR Echigo Line.[158] Cracks also appeared at the Nōetsu Expressway.[159]

Around 260 convenience stores in the affected areas belonging to 7-11 and Family Mart were closed, while delayed deliveries were reported due to road closures.[112] NTT Docomo, Rakuten Mobile,[75] Softbank and KDDI reported telecommunications and internet service disruptions in Ishikawa and Niigata prefectures,[160] while NTT West said its facilities were damaged by the earthquake. At Shika Nuclear Power Plant, an explosion occurred near the power transformer of the No. 2 reactor, while the transformer at the No. 1 reactor was rendered inoperable due to an oil spill.[75][161] The site's 4 m (13 ft) high seawall was found to have tilted by around several centimeters following the earthquake.[162] At the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Niigata prefecture, water spilled from the fuel pools of two reactors due to the force of the earthquake.[163]

At least 36,000 households and 19 medical facilities lost power following the earthquake[76][112] and more than 110,000 households were left without water.[164] In Shika, water was being rationed daily at six litres per person following the earthquake.[165] By the morning of 3 January, the number of households without power had dropped to approximately 33,900.[166]

The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology reported that 276 educational facilities had been damaged by the earthquake, particularly in Niigata, Ishikawa, Toyama, Fukui and Shiga prefectures. It also said 39 schools in four prefectures had been converted to evacuation shelters. The ministry also reported damage to 20 cultural sites in Toyama and Niigata prefectures. Several stone lanterns collapsed at the Zuiryū-ji temple in Takaoka, which is a designated National Treasure, while a slope collapsed at the Sado mine.[167] At one evacuation center in Anamizu, three people were infected by COVID-19.[168] A 90 year old woman was rescued from a collapsed house after 124 hours in Suzu.[169]

Response[edit]

Government response[edit]

Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announced the establishment of a special emergency center to gather and disseminate information on the earthquake and tsunami.[103] Defense minister Minoru Kihara ordered the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) to assist in rescue efforts.[170] He later announced the deployment of 2,000 JSDF personnel to the affected region,[171] with 8,500 others on standby. About 20 JSDF aircraft were also dispatched to survey the damage.[172] An additional 2,000 firefighters and 1,000 police officers were also deployed to assist in rescue operations.[164][173] About 3,000 rescuers were sent to the Noto Peninsula alone.[174] By 4 January, at least 150 people had been rescued, while at least 2,000 of the 10,000 evacuees from Wajima had received humanitarian aid.[121]

Prime Minister Fumio Kishida led the government response to the earthquake.

The Japanese government announced that it would allocate 4 billion yen ($28 million) from reserve funds to use in disaster relief efforts[175] and increased the number of JSDF personnel involved in the response to 5,900.[176] It also announced that families whose houses were completely destroyed or severely damaged would receive aid amounting to 3 million yen ($20,000).[177] Ishikawa, Niigata, Toyama and Fukui prefectures requested financial support for 47 municipalities under the Disaster Relief Act, under which the national government is expected to cover 50 to 90 percent of expenses for disaster response and rehabilitation. The Japanese health ministry also instructed hospitals to offer health insurance coverage to patients affected by the quake, including those without insurance certificates.[178] Authorities in Ishikawa prefecture opened an email help line to assist affected residents and tourists.[179]

On 4 January, the Japan Coast Guard began searching its coast with an aircraft and patrol boat for people missing; presumably swept away by the tsunami.[116] At least one person was declared missing from the tsunami.[180] At least two people were rescued after the expiration of the 72-hour survival window in Wajima on 4 January. Large holes in roads and landslides made rescue efforts challenging four days after the earthquake.[181] Snowy weather conditions also affected rescue efforts, with snowfall reaching 10 cm (3.9 in) in several areas and raising concerns of additional building collapses.[182] Snowfall significantly affected rescue team's ability to deliver supplies to isolated villages and recover survivors. Power was also cut due to snow, disabling cell phones.[183]

Nuclear power plants[edit]

Kansai Electric Power Company, Tokyo Electric Power Company and Hokuriku Electric Power Company said they were inspecting their nuclear power plants for abnormalities.[7][184][160] Both the Kansai[97] and Hokuriku Electric Power Companies initially said no abnormalities were reported,[185] with the reactors at the latter's Shika Nuclear Power Plant in Ishikawa Prefecture having been closed for inspections at the time of the earthquake. However, it was later confirmed that there had been a cumulative oil spillage of 19,800 liters at two of the reactors, partially impacting the plant's ability to receive power from external sources.[186][187]

The Japanese Nuclear Regulation Authority also found no irregularities in power plants along the Sea of Japan coastline.[126] Hokuriku Electric Power Company also shut down two generators at its Nanao Ota thermal power plant in Nanao.[74]

Transport[edit]

Shinkansen services were suspended in central and eastern parts of Japan following the earthquake,[188] stranding at least 1,400 passengers aboard four stalled trains between Toyama and Kanazawa for about 11 hours.[118][189][190] Local train services were also halted for up to 24 hours following the earthquake, stranding about 1,000 passengers aboard express trains.[60] Shinkansen services resumed in the afternoon of 2 January.[191] Several major highways in the affected areas were also closed.[192] All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines cancelled flights to Toyama, Ishikawa, and Niigata prefectures for the rest of 1 January.[160] Japan Airlines subsequently announced additional flights to Komatsu Airport in Ishikawa Prefecture and Niigata Airport on 2 January.[193]

By the morning of 3 January, Japan Railways partially resumed services,[194] however, some local lines remained suspended, including the Nanao Line and the Noto Railway.[159] The MLIT confirmed that Noto Airport would remain closed until 4 January,[194] with the resumption of services expected to resume on 25 January.[159]

Humanitarian aid[edit]

JMSDF personnel in Maizuru loading relief supplies onto the JS Hiuchi bound for the Noto Peninsula

Due to blocked roads, humanitarian aid was sent to the peninsula using ships, while other isolated areas were accessed through helicopters.[195] In light of the difficulties in providing aid, Ishikawa Prefecture asked individuals to refrain from sending aid, instead limiting the call to corporations only.[196] By 4 January, authorities had delivered about 240,000 meals, 500 packages of powdered milk, and 190,000 bottles of drinking water to the affected areas.[95]

On the evening of 2 January, a collision occurred at Haneda Airport in Tokyo between a Japan Coast Guard DHC-8 aircraft carrying humanitarian aid to earthquake victims in Niigata and Japan Airlines Flight 516, an A350-900 from New Chitose Airport landing at Haneda, destroying both aircraft. All 379 people aboard the JAL plane were evacuated; however, 15 sustained injuries.[197] The captain of the Coast Guard plane escaped with critical injuries, while the remaining five crew members were killed.[198][199][200]

Private organizations raised at least $8 million in crowdfunding drives for relief aid, while the Ishikawa prefectural government began accepting cash donations at its offices, including those in Tokyo and Osaka, while announcing plans to open a bank account for further donations.[201]

The Taiwanese government announced ¥60 million in aid to support rescue operations and relief. A donation account was also created.[202] United States Ambassador Rahm Emmanuel pledged an initial $100,000 in humanitarian aid to Japan and logistical support from the United States military.[203] Japan said it only had plans to accept aid from the United States despite offers from other countries including Taiwan and China. In a statement from Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi, the country was "not accepting any personnel or material aid at the moment given the situation on the ground and the efforts that would be required to receive them."[204]

Los Angeles Dodgers baseball player Shohei Ohtani donated an undisclosed amount of aid to victims in the Noto peninsula.[205] The Dodgers subsequently announced that it would donate an additional $1 million towards earthquake relief.[206]

JR Freight announced that it would carry humanitarian aid to the affected areas for free.[207]

Aftermath[edit]

The aftermath of the earthquake included a major humanitarian impact in the worst affected regions, as well as a national economic impact. Preliminary findings by Japanese financial services company Nomura Securities suggested the temporary stagnation of economic activity would push down nominal GDP by 23 to 50 billion yen. Nomura estimated that the most affected cities, such as Suzu, Wajima and Nanao, will experience a temporary pause in economic activity. NHK added that losses are likely to increase, as the damage to roads, housing and factories has not been considered in the research.[208] However, it is estimated that the wider impact on supply chains may be less than those compared to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes.[209]

As of 5 January, approximately 24,000 buildings remained without electricity in Ishikawa prefecture, and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Ken Saito, told reporters of the difficulty of estimating a clear timeframe for the recovery of power.[209]

Reactions[edit]

Domestic[edit]

Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako's annual New Year appearance and greetings to the public on 2 January was cancelled due to the earthquake.[60] The Imperial Household Agency said it was the first time that the event was cancelled due to a natural disaster. It also reported that the Imperial couple "wish that rescue operations and fire-fighting efforts in affected areas will progress as quickly as possible amid the severe cold weather."[210] Prime Minister Kishida also postponed a ceremonial New Year visit to the Ise Shrine due to the earthquake.[163]

A moment of silence was held for the victims of the earthquake on the first day of trading of 2024 at the Tokyo Stock Exchange.[211]

Toyota delayed the beginning of its domestic vehicle manufacturing operations for 2024, which had been due to begin on 8 January, until further notice, citing earthquake damage to some of its suppliers.[212]

International[edit]

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un sent a telegram to Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, his condolences and wished the Japanese people a fast recovery. It marked the first time Kim has sent his condolences after a natural disaster, and the first time he has sent a telegram to Kishida.[213] It was also the first time that North Korea had sent official condolences to Japan since 1995.[214] Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese sent condolences and said Australia was ready to send any assistance to Japan.[112][215][216][217][218][219][213] Philippine president Bongbong Marcos offered to send assistance to Japan,[220] while the Armed Forces of the Philippines also offered to collaborate with the JSDF in its response to the earthquake.[221][222] International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva and Pope Francis also expressed their prayers to the victims of the earthquake.[112][223] The United States announced preparations for military logistics, food and aid. United States Forces Japan it remained "ready to support our Japanese Allies during this difficult time."[224]

In China, a news anchor from Hainan Radio and Television was suspended after stating on his Weibo account that the earthquake was retribution over the Japanese government's decision to discharge radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean which started in September 2023.[225][226]

Misinformation[edit]

Misinformation about the earthquake spread on social media platforms such as Twitter.[227][228] Users falsely linked a November 2023 video of an underwater earthquake in Indonesia,[229] photos of the 2011 Tōhoku and 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes[230] and a 2021 landslide following the earthquake.[228] At least one account, claiming to belong to a victim of the earthquake, was found to be using misinformation to seek donations online.[231] False claims were also made of the earthquake being man-made, with a video citing a previous nuclear weapons test by North Korea.[227]

Former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatayama incorrectly claimed the earthquake caused a fire at the Shika Nuclear Power Plant and suggested that impacts of the earthquake had been deliberately downplayed to restart the plant. While there had been a minimal oil spill at two of the reactors of the plant, it was confirmed that there was no impact on the plant.[232]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  79. ^ "Nīgata Jōetsu no tsunami dōga o kōkai teibō koeru yōsu mo Notohantō jishin" 新潟・上越の津波動画を公開 堤防越える様子も 能登半島地震 [Niigata/Joetsu tsunami video released, showing the tsunami going over the embankment - Noto Peninsula Earthquake]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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  115. ^ "[Higai jōkyō 7-ka] Ishikawa de 128-nin shibō jūkeishō-sha 560-nin kyūjo katsudō tsudzuku" 【被害状況7日】石川で128人死亡 重軽傷者560人 救助活動続く [[Damage situation 7th] 128 people killed in Ishikawa, 560 seriously injured, rescue operations continue]. NHK (in Japanese). 7 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
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  120. ^ "Ishikawa de koritsu jōtai no chiiki aitsugu Jieitai heri mo koritsu chiku no genjō wa…" 石川で孤立状態の地域相次ぐ 自衛隊ヘリも 孤立地区の現状は… [Self-Defense Force helicopters are being used one after another in isolated areas in Ishikawa.The current situation in isolated areas is...]. NHK (in Japanese). 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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  123. ^ "[Higai jōkyō 4-ka] Ishikawa ken de 84-nin shibō 72-jikan sugiru mo kyūjo nankō" 【被害状況 4日】石川県で84人死亡 72時間過ぎるも救助難航 [[Damage status: 4th] 84 people died in Ishikawa Prefecture, rescue efforts still difficult after 72 hours]. NHK (in Japanese). 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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  125. ^ "Noto jishin no shisha, Ishikawa ken'nai de 57-nin… Wajima de kaoku tōkai 60-ken jūtaku nado 200-mune zenshō" 能登地震の死者、石川県内で57人…輪島で家屋倒壊60件・住宅など200棟全焼 [57 people died in Ishikawa prefecture in Noto earthquake... 60 houses collapsed in Wajima, 200 houses burned down]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
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  127. ^ a b "Notohantō jishin no shisha 128-nin, Wajima wa 'asshi 9-wari ka'... Ame de hinan shiji no kanōsei mo ichi 'hinan no basho nai'" 能登半島地震の死者128人、輪島は「圧死9割か」...雨で避難指示の可能性も市「避難の場所ない」 [128 people killed in Noto Peninsula earthquake, Wajima ``90% crushed to death... Evacuation order likely due to rain, city says ``no place to evacuate]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
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  130. ^ "[Sokuhō] jimoto shōbō ni yoru to, Ishikawa-ken Wajima-shi no kasai de 200-mune hodo ga yaketa to mi rareru" 【速報】地元消防によると、石川県輪島市の火災で２００棟ほどが焼けたとみられる [[Breaking News] According to the local fire department, about 200 buildings are thought to have been destroyed by a fire in Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture.] (in Japanese). Jiji Press. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
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  135. ^ "'Ikiume' tsūhō tasū 48-nin shibō higai zen'yō wa fumei Notohantō jishin" 「生き埋め」通報多数 48人死亡 被害全容は不明 能登半島地震 [Numerous reports of 'buried alive'; 48 people killed; full extent of damage unknown; Noto Peninsula Earthquake]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
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  138. ^ "Ishikawa nanao keisatsusho 'tatemono no tōkai sū-kasho ichiji tojikome mo kyūshutsu'" 石川 七尾警察署「建物の倒壊 数か所 一時閉じ込めも救出」 [Ishikawa Nanao Police Station 'Several buildings collapsed, people temporarily trapped were rescued'] (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  139. ^ "[Higai matome] Ishikawa ken de shindo 7 keganin no jōhō aitsugu kasai mo" 【被害まとめ】石川県で震度7 けが人の情報相次ぐ 火災も [[Summary of damage] Earthquake of magnitude 7 hits Ishikawa Prefecture; reports of injuries and fires also occur one after another] (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
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  142. ^ "[Dōga] Ishikawa Noto-chō de tsunami higai jūtaku kasai ya tōkai mo" 【動画】石川 能登町で津波被害 住宅火災や倒壊も [[Video] Tsunami damage in Noto Town, Ishikawa, causing house fires and collapses] (in Japanese). NHK. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  143. ^ "[Sokuhō] Noto kūkō no kassōro ni 'hibi' naga-sa 10 m ijō o fukusū kakunin" 【速報】能登空港の滑走路に「ひび」 長さ10m以上を複数確認 [[Breaking News] Multiple cracks over 10m long confirmed on Noto Airport runway] (in Japanese). TV Asahi. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  144. ^ "[Notohantō jishin 1-shūkan] Nīgata ken'nai 47-ri kega Nīgata-shi de 3700-ken-chō no tatemono higai shinsei Nīgata-shi igai 913-mune higai" 【能登半島地震１週間】新潟県内４７人ケガ 新潟市で３７００件超の建物被害申請 新潟市以外９１３棟被害 [[Noto Peninsula Earthquake 1 week] 47 people injured in Niigata Prefecture Over 3,700 claims for building damage in Niigata City 913 buildings damaged outside Niigata City] (in Japanese). Fuji News Network. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  145. ^ "Nīgata ken no jishin no higai jōkyō 34-nin ga jūkeishō jūtaku higai wa 524-mune ni nīgatashinishikude wa aratana suidō-kan no rōsui ga tasū hanmei (4-ka gogo 1-ji genzai)" 地震 新潟県内のけが４２人 住宅被害およそ７００棟 [Earthquake: 42 people injured and approximately 700 homes damaged in Niigata Prefecture]. NHK (in Japanese). 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  146. ^ "Nīgata Jōetsu-shi de 90-sai josei ga shinpai teishi, jishin no shokku ga gen'in ka" 新潟・上越市で９０歳女性が心肺停止、地震のショックが原因か [A 90-year-old woman suffers cardiopulmonary arrest in Joetsu City, Niigata, possibly due to shock from the earthquake] (in Japanese). Yomiuri Shimbun. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  147. ^ a b "Notohantō jishin ni yoru fushō-sha 41-nin ni Toyamaken kaoku higai wa 338-mune ni zōka 5-ka gogo 1-ji jiten" 能登半島地震による負傷者41人に 富山県 家屋被害は338棟に増加 5日午後1時時点 [41 people injured in Noto Peninsula earthquake, Toyama Prefecture, damage to 338 houses increased as of 1pm on the 5th] (in Japanese). KNB. 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  148. ^ "Toyama-shi no pachinkomise de tenjō rakka 8-nin-gake ga uchi 2-ri wa jūshō" 富山市のパチンコ店で天井落下 8人がけが うち2人は重傷 [Ceiling falls at pachinko parlor in Toyama city, injuring 8 people, 2 seriously]. NHK (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  149. ^ "Notohantō jishin, jūtaku nado 45-mune ichibu sonkai ka Fukui ken Awara-shi, kiso ni hibiware nado dansui wa kaishō" 能登半島地震、住宅など45棟一部損壊か 福井県あわら市、基礎にひび割れなど 断水は解消 [Noto Peninsula Earthquake causes 45 buildings and other buildings to be partially damaged in Awara City, Fukui Prefecture, with cracks in foundations and water outages resolved] (in Japanese). Fukuishimbun. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  150. ^ "Ōsakafu-nai de 2-ri kega (gogo 8-ji)" 大阪府内で２人けが（午後８時） [Two people injured in Osaka Prefecture (8:00 p.m.)] (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  151. ^ "Ishikawa de shindo 7 Hyōgo ni tsunami keihō, kakuchi no eikyō matome Tajima de 2-ri ga kossetsu nado fushō" 石川で震度7 兵庫に津波警報、各地の影響まとめ 但馬で2人が骨折など負傷 [Intensity 7 earthquake in Ishikawa, tsunami warning for Hyogo, summary of impacts in various areas, 2 people injured including broken bones in Tajima] (in Japanese). Goo News. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  152. ^ "Nagano abe shuichi chiji, Notohantō jishin de 'hisai-chi shien ni zenryoku' ken'nai no higai wa keibi" 長野・阿部守一知事、能登半島地震で「被災地支援に全力」 県内の被害は軽微 [Nagano Governor Morikazu Abe says he will do his best to support the affected areas after the Noto Peninsula earthquake; damage in the prefecture is minor] (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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  154. ^ "Nīgata shinai de ekijōkagenshō o kakunin, dansui mo Ishikawa de shindo 7" 新潟市内で液状化現象を確認、断水も 石川で震度７ [Liquefaction phenomenon confirmed in Niigata city, water outage also occurred, seismic intensity 7 in Ishikawa] (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
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  194. ^ a b "[Kōtsū eikyō 3-ka] shinkansen wa tsūjō-dōri unten sora no ben wa kekkō mo" 【交通影響 3日】新幹線は通常どおり運転 空の便は欠航も [[Traffic Impact: 3rd] Shinkansen trains operate as usual, but flights may be canceled]. NHK News (in Japanese). 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
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  196. ^ "Ishikawa ken kojin no shien busshi 'gen dankai wa hikaete hoshī' ukeire kon'nan" 石川県 個人の支援物資「現段階は控えてほしい」受け入れ困難 [Ishikawa Prefecture: Difficulty accepting individual aid supplies, 'please refrain from doing so at this stage.'] (in Japanese). NHK. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
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  198. ^ "[Sokuhō] Nikkō-ki enjō Kaiho kōkūki no jōin 6-nin no uchi 5-nin kinai de hakken sa reru mo shibō kichō mo omoi yakedo de hansō Nikkō-ki mo 14-nin kega de 4-nin hansō Hanedakūkō shōtotsu jiko" 【速報】日航機炎上 海保航空機の乗員6人のうち5人機内で発見されるも死亡 機長も重いやけどで搬送 日航機も14人けがで4人搬送 羽田空港衝突事故 [[Breaking News] JAL plane catches fire; 5 of the 6 crew members of the Japan Coast Guard aircraft were found on board but died; the captain was also transported with severe burns; 14 JAL planes were also transported with 4 injured; Haneda Airport collision accident]. Yahoo Japan (in Japanese). 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
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  202. ^ "Taiwan ga 6000 man-en o shien Notohantō jishin, gienkin kōza mo setchi" 台湾が6000万円を支援 能登半島地震、義援金口座も設置 [Taiwan provides 60 million yen in support for Noto Peninsula earthquake, and also sets up a donation account]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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  208. ^ "Notohantō jishin no GDP sonshitsu, saidai 500 oku-en Nomurashōken ga shisan" 能登半島地震のGDP損失、最大500億円 野村証券が試算 [Nomura Securities estimates GDP loss of up to 50 billion yen due to Noto Peninsula earthquake]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
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